Effect of Gender Imbalance on Women's Status in the Colonail Period in Essay

Effect of Gender Imbalance on Women's Status in the Colonail Period in New France - Essay Example It is no different in the history of women’s status in Canada or ‘New France’. Gender imbalance in the colonial times put women in an ambivalent position of being valued as well as rejected if they do not come up to men’s expectations. This paper drew much information from cases published from the colonial era as primary sources as well as the works of Peter N. Moogk, Sylvia Van Kirk and Saliha Belmessous, historians who chronicled the culture of New France in Canada during the colonial times as secondary sources. It focused on how the gender imbalance at that time affected the status of women. During the colonial period in what has come to be known as New France, gender balance was askew in terms of number, as it was recounted by Belmessous1 that only 1,772 women emigrated to Canada as compared to 12,621 men, between the years 1608 and 1699. This sexual imbalance continued on till the end of the century. It is due to this lack of women that French colonial officers encouraged native Amerindian women to join the convent for their education to form them into proper ladies and be married off to French settlers instead of native men. It also implied that the convent-bred women had a great influence on the French men to be more cultured. Van Kirk2 explained that intermarriages, also known as â€Å"miscegenation† between French colonizers and the native Amerindians failed because of differing motives of the two cultures. The French Jesuits who encouraged native women to join the Ursuline convent admitted that they wanted the native women to be indoctrinated with their culture. One Jesuit offered that the intermarriage’s purposes were: â€Å"to make them like us, to give them the knowledge of the true God, . . . and that the marriages . . . were to be stable and perpetual.†3 This meant that native women should be Christianized and introduced to a gender-role that included spinning, sewing, knitting, taking care of anima ls, etc. that made them acceptable to their French mates. Native Huron chiefs believed the idea of intermarriage was favourable to them because the French traders make good Hurons, but questioned the French officials about bride price and their women’s right to property and divorce which were part and parcel of their own culture.4 These chiefs were made to understand that the native women would benefit much from such marriages through the teachings of the Ursuline nuns. However, only a small number of the native women were transformed and not many were interested in being successfully converted, so they were not considered acceptable as â€Å"founding mothers of New France† 5. The reverse of Native men â€Å"marrying out† to French women were looked down upon, as it was considered marrying beneath themselves. This is because a woman who married into an Indian tribe became an Indian herself and renounced her original culture. On the other hand, an Indian woman wh o married a foreigner legally ceased to be an Indian, losing all her rights to Indian status as well as her children.6 Thus, by the mid-nineteenth century, intermarriage became a usual practice of colonization and became a way of removing Aboriginal/Indian women from their own native cultures. Governor Vaudreuil7 justified his hostility against the intermarriage of French men and Amerindian women in saying that it divided the French men as they were integrated into their Amerindian wives’ clans. There was a great possibility that such action involved intertribal feuds and could have pitted the French

Human Resource Management assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management assignment 2 - Essay Example While our objective remains to do the most we can for the stakeholders of the company, there are several constraints placed on us and an understanding of these constraints as well as the means by which we can work around them is essential for the management of the company. The first and primary concerns which we have with regard to the pay and remuneration package are legal concerns. Since the call centre is not expected to have directors or people at the board of the company working within it, the issues surrounding stock based bonuses and director’s salaries may be removed from the table but other issues such as performance based bonuses which cause our call centre employees to become more than motivated to pressure customers into signing up for one of our products or another may be ethically and legally questionable. Therefore we must be careful while linking the sales of our products with performance. There is also the question of broader legal issues such as age, race, gender, religious affiliations and other measures of equality on which discrimination must not take place with regard to the salaries given to employees at the same level in the company (Foot and Hook, 2005). As a worker’s rights issue, a lot has been done in the past to create equality with regard to these measures and legislation certainly exists to prevent discrimination between employees. However, it is also certain that such discriminatory practices exist in Europe as well as America despite the push from the law against it. We need to make sure that as a company we do not discriminate and this assurance can come from an external audit of our salary systems and remuneration packages. Further, if we are ever taken to court on the basis of discrimination with regard to salaries given to the employees, an external auditor can be of great use in showing that we do not engage in such practices. Understandably, ethical concerns go hand in hand with legal concerns

Individualism as an American Culture Essay Example for Free

Individualism as an American Culture Essay Question: How do the examples involving the child who has fallen, the way food is served and eaten, and the newspaper route provide the author with significant insights into American cultural value? Do you agree with her interpretations? Poranee like many other immigrants are faced with various changes/challenges when they leave their homeland to start a new life in another country. Some of these changes are obvious, while others are not so blatant. Poranee first realized these changes with the simple question â€Å"how are you?† While somethings are consider normal and acceptable in one country, it may be consider rude or inappropriate in another. Poranee was raised in culture that emphasis service and togetherness, which is why she felt comfortable enough to help the fallen child. Without being told, she wouldnt have known that letting the child get up himself will teach him to be independent from an early age. Just like the fallen child, eating off someone else plate or reaching across the table isnt consider inappropriate since the Thais focuses more on forming a community than individualism. The American way of eating is consider inappropriate to the Thais because it is seen as selfish and inconsiderate to have so much food on your plate. I agree with the author on her interpretation of the examples except for the example about the newspaper route. I dont think that the couple who own the BMW’s were materialistic because they were well off but still made their children work. I think that by making their son sell newspapers and their daughter babysit, they were teaching them the value of hard work Working teaches them that just because their parents have money, doesnt mean they can sit around and do nothing.

Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills

Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills Research Paper Title: Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills of Doctors in Private Practice in Goa Abstract Clinical communication entails a dialogue between doctor and patient, and has been clearly demonstrated to affect many aspects of patient care, including health outcomes. Ideally, doctors are expected to play a dual role – as a source of patient healing as well as a source of reassurance and encouragement (Baker et al, 2011). This study was aimed at assessing the basic clinical communication behaviours of doctors in outpatient private practice in Goa, based on the reports of their patients. Good clinical communication skills include facilitation of the patient’s expression of feelings and expectations related to his/her health care, conveyance of clear information to the patient, and provision of empathy and encouragement. The participants of the study were chosen using purposive sampling. Internationally standardized questionnaires HPQ (Four Habits Patient Questionnaire), consisting of 15 Likert-scale items, and CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and S ystems) was employed to understand the patients’ perception of ‘their’ doctor’s communication. Results were analyzed using total scores obtained. Individual behaviours were also analyzed using frequencies and percentages indicating doctors’ competence in one or more habits over others. Introduction The health outcome of a patient is greatly affected by the manner in which doctors communicate with their patients (Baker et al, 2011). The key to diagnosis and treatment is exchanging information, and communication plays a vital role in building a trusting relationship between doctor and patient that encourages better information-giving and information-getting, both of which are particularly important to enable positive healthcare. Furthermore, communication and trust may influence patient satisfaction, compliance, and coping (Desjarlais-deKlerk and Wallace, 2013). Recognizing the onus on the doctor to ensure satisfied and healthy patients by way of the former’s ability to communicate with the latter, this study attempted to determine the communication abilities of doctors in Goa as reported by their outpatients. Objectives To determine the medical communication skills of outpatient doctors To ascertain the relationship between doctors’ gender and communication abilities To establish a connection between the proficiency in communication of doctors’ support staff and ratings of doctors Method Sample and Sampling Method The study included 90 respondents (67 females and 23 males) chosen by purposive sampling from across the state of Goa. The respondents ranged in age from 20 to 70 years, with an almost equal number being below (n=47) and above (n=43) 40 years. Sixty percent of the respondents possessed a graduate or higher degree and nearly half (49%) the respondents answered the questionnaire based on their personal experiences with a General Practitioner. The perceived age of the doctors, as reported by the respondents, ranged from 26 to 70 years, with 63.3% being reported to be in the age range of 40 to 60 years. Measurement Internationally standardized questionnaires (4 HPQ – Four Habits Patient Questionnaire) (Bard, 2011), consisting of 15 Likert-scale items, and CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, 2012) were employed to understand the patients’ perception of ‘their’ doctor’s communication. Results and Discussion Communication abilities of doctors’ support staff Effective communication between doctor and patient is a central clinical function that cannot be delegated (Simpson et al, 1991). The competency of support staff such as nurses and receptionists often influences the quality of health care (Marcinowiczi, 2010) as they are the first point of contact between doctor and patient. Their behaviour can, therefore, influence a patients’ rating of his doctor. Using CAHPS, it was observed that only 40% of the respondents were â€Å"definitely happy† with the help received by their doctors’ receptionist (see Fig.1), although more than half (51%) were â€Å"definitely happy† with the courtesy and respect accorded to them (see Fig.1). Figure 1. Receptionists’ Behaviour with Patients Analyzing a total score of receptionists’ behaviour, only 45.5% of the respondents reported â€Å"definite happiness† with the former’s conduct, thus suggesting that support staff ought to improve their communication skills so as to meet patients’ expectations of the healthcare system. Getting care quickly The availability of immediate healthcare is an important determinant of quality in the primary care setting. Availability refers to the ease with which a person may receive care (Marcinowiczi, 2010), and can include factors such as speed of providing an appointment, time spent by the patient in the waiting room (>15 minutes past appointment time), and doctor’s willingness to provide telephonic answers. An analysis of these factors, using CAHPS, revealed that a majority of respondents were quite happy with the rapidity of obtaining an appointment (44%) and obtaining answers to their telephonic queries (46%) (see Fig. 2). However, a moderate percentage (33%) reported having to wait for more than 15 minutes past their appointment time (see Fig. 2). A long waiting time, which can be interpreted as a mode of non-verbal communication, can be quite irksome, and underlines the need for doctors to improve their time management skills. Figure 2. Clinic Experiences of Patients Respondents’ rating of their doctor A health system can deliver truly patient-centered care only when patient ratings are elicited, integrated, and honoured. A 10-point scale (from CAHPS) used to measure the respondents’ rating of their doctor revealed that a majority (52.2%) rated their doctor as â€Å"Average† (see Fig. 3). This indicates outpatients’ perception that there exists scope for improvement in their doctors’ ability to provide quality healthcare. Figure 3. Respondents’ rating of their doctor Correlation between various parameters and rating of doctor Assuming that the longer the period of doctor-patient acquaintance, the better the rating obtained by the doctor, a correlation between the two was done but yielded no significant result (r = 0.15, p Analysis revealed that a majority of the respondents (78.9%) visited a male doctor, and literature suggests that females score over males in communication skills. A correlation was thus attempted between the gender of the doctors and the respondents rating of them. However, no significant correlation was obtained between the two variables in this study (r = 0.11, p Research suggests that education of respondents also affects ratings, with more educated individuals giving lower ratings to doctors (Instructions for Analyzing Data from CAHPS ® Surveys; 2012). However, the converse was noted in this study as a significant positive correlation was obtained (r = 0.244, p=0.05), indicating that the higher the educational qualifications of the respondents, the more accepting they were of their doctor’s communication abilities. It is a known paradox in medical literature that ‘patients can be satisfied with care that is not high quality and can be dissatisfied with high-quality care’ (Makoul, 2001). Willingness to recommend doctor Seventy six percent of the respondents expressed their willingness to refer their doctor to others (see Fig. 4). This suggests that despite scoring their doctors â€Å"average† in parameters such as clinic experiences and rating, the respondents had satisfactory overall experiences with their doctor. Figure 4. Respondents’ willingness to recommend their doctor to others Analysis of 4 HPQ In 1996, Frankel and Stein structured the principles of good, clinical communication into a teaching model for didactic purposes: â€Å"The Four Habits model – an approach to effective clinical communication†. The habits are: invest in the beginning of the encounter to create rapport and set an agenda (Habit I), elicit the patient’s perspective (Habit II), demonstrate empathy to provide opportunity for patients to express emotional concerns (Habit III), and invest in the end to provide information and closure (Habit IV) (Bard, 2011). The 4 HPQ, consisting of 15 questions divided into sets of 4, was formulated based on these well-researched habits. Analysis revealed that the respondents rated their doctors well in Habits I, II, and III (see Table 1). However, the doctors were scored low on Habit IV, thus suggesting that they require to further hone their skills in summarizing the consultation by checking the patients understanding and negotiating a treatment or follow-up plan (see Table 1). Table 1. Scores obtained on each HABIT Minimum Maximum Mean + SD HABIT I 8 16 14.34 + 1.76 HABIT II 3 8 6.52 + 1.27 HABIT III 3 12 9.82 + 2.18 HABIT IV 12 24 19.99 + 3.52 Conclusion Good medical communication includes building a relationship, exploring the patient’s perspective, displaying empathy, checking for understanding, reaching agreements on problems and plans, and providing closure (Makoul, 1991). Increasing public dissatisfaction with the medical profession is, in good part, related to deficiencies in clinical communication (Simpson, 1991). This study found that outpatients rated their doctors satisfactorily despite indicating certain communication habits that required improvement. Respondents also indicated that communication skills of receptionists in doctors’ clinics could be improved so as to provide a better healthcare environment. Shifting focus from patient satisfaction to patient experiences will enable doctors to be better communicators, thereby helping to bring about a radical shift in total healthcare experiences. References Bard J. Hospital Doctors Communication Skills: A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of a short course and the usefulness of a patient questionnaire. British Medical Journal. 2011. Desjarlais-deKlerk K and Wallace J. Instrumental and socio-emotional communications in doctor-patient interactions in urban and rural clinics. BMC Health Services Research 2013, 13:261 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/13/261 Instructions for Analyzing Data from CAHPS ® Surveys: Using the CAHPS Analysis Program Version 4.1 Document No. 2015 Updated 4/2/12 Makoul M. 2001 Marcinowicz L, Rybaczuk M, et al. International Journal for Quality in Health Care web site (Internet). Poland: 2010; Volume 22, Number 4: pp. 294–301 (cited 2014 January 15) Simpson M, Buckman R, et al. Doctor-patient communication: the Toronto consensus statement. British Medical Journal. 1991; 303:1385-7. 1

The Grande Odalisqe :: Art Analysis

The Grande Odalisqe The Grande Odalisque painted in 1884, drew many criticisms. There were complaints about the lifelessness of the subject, the fact that she has three vertebrae too many. It illustrates the rather strange mixture of Ingres’s artistic allegiances. His subject, the reclining nude figure, is traditional, going back to Giorgione and Titian; but by converting her into an odalisque, an inhabitant of a Turkish harem, he makes a strong concession to the contemporary Romantic taste for the exotic. Ingres treats the figure in his own â€Å"sculpturesque† style: polished surfaces and simple rounded volumes controlled by rhythmically flowing contours. The smoothness of the planes of the body is complemented by the broken, busy shapes of the drapery. His admiration for Raphael is shown in the borrowing of that master’s type of female head and headdress, and an inclination of the head, as it can bee seen in Raphael’s Madonna of the Chair. But Ingres is drawing not only from the High Renaissance, for his figures languid pose and her proportions (small head, elongated limbs) betray his debt to such Mannerists as Parmigianino, as does the generally cool colour scheme. Often Criticized for not being a colourist, Ingres in fact, had a superb colour sense. It is true that he did not seem to think of his paintings primarily in terms of colour, as did Delacroix, but he did far more than simply tint his drawings for emphasis. In this painting Ingres creates colour and tonal relationships so tasteful and subtle as to render them unforgettable. Never insisting on likeness for its own sake, Ingres rarly fails to produce a striking characterization and, analogously to the smooth, formal treatment he gives his nudes, never fails to impart to both characterization and setting an air of suave elegance.

the russian americans :: essays research papers fc

The Russian-Americans As of the last released comprehensive United States Census listing all nationalities, in 1990, there were over two million people claiming Russian ancestry living in America. Not included in this number was over one million people who were born in Russia. Sixty-six thousand entered the U.S. between 1980 and 1990 over 120,000 entered before 1980, slightly over 123,000 were naturalized citizens, and over 71,000 were not considered citizens of the United States. When it comes to income and occupation the Russian-American ranks higher on the socio-economic ladder then many minorities. When it comes to occupations over half of the Russian population is in the managerial or professional field, while another third of the population works in sales. The rest of the population works in the service or labor field with the smallest bit of the population being farmers, .6 percent. In correlation the median income of a Russian-American is over 45,000 dollars, only 3.6 percent of the population lives in poverty. This can be a direct correlation to the educational attainment of the Russian-Americans 90 percent graduate high school, 49 percent have a bachelors degree, and 24 percent have a graduate degree. This is one of the highest percentages of any group that has come to the United States, except some of the Asian countries. The Russians started to look for the American dream in the seventeenth century when Semen Dezhnev set out to find a route through the Bering Straight, although he never made it anywhere close to the United States, he did find the Northern-most point of Siberia, which is named after him. The next expedition was launched by Vitus Bering, and although he died while searching for America some of his crewmates did find the Aleutian islands and started the fur rush of 1973. In two years many fur industries were set up and people started to establish small communities in Alaska. In 1794 eight monks arrived to one of those small towns, Kodiak and started a Russian Orthodox mission. In seventy years when Alaska was sold to the U.S. the Orthodox religion was so ingrained into the people that it was, and still is the predominant religion in the area. After the sale of Alaska, the immigration of Russians slowed until the beginning of the twentieth century and the beginning of Communism is Russia. In the beginning it was mostly laborers and farmers and then came the former Russian army and naval officers, highly qualified engineers and scientists, actors and composers, musicians and painters, and a number of world-famous singers and ballet dancers.

Als Reflective Thinking Essay

Reflective Thanking Essay I am a good leader. One who takes initiative in getting the tasks completed while keeping the morale tempo up and making it a good experience to all. I’m one who will take criticism and can listen even though I may not like what I’m hearing, but in turn apply those criticisms and make a better me. Simply being said, I like to take charge, inspire those around me, complete the mission and wait for the next challenge.Thank my mother for who I am, she inspired the person I am today. I was raised in a very strict environment where there were expectations. Rules, responsibilities, honesty and involvement were all considered necessities. I was introduced to community service when I was 5 years old when I was a Girl Scout. Then later when my late father and I would participate in an annual cancer awareness marathon it was a beginning point for me.So from then on there the feeling of accomplishment to help others inspired me. I’m one who wants p eople to come to be with their troubles so I can help, I’m the one who wants to reach out and touch others and just inspire. It’s easy for me to say that I’m a participative leader. I want to get involved with my fellow wingmen and know they’re comfortable coming to me with any issue they may have. I’m one who strives towards a positive workplace.I like to work next to my fellow crew chiefs and solve problems. I treat others with mutual respect on the job. I am open-minded to my fellow airmen and respect their thoughts and opinions, but understand that the final decision rest in my hands on any given situation. Based on the decision making process, I feel the type of NCO (non-commissioned officer), I’ll become will be similar to the image I uphold now will make people work for the correct answer or the right thing to do.Though I understand that this technique will not work with all, but it’s a starting point for me to evaluate an indi vidual. One of my strengths is that I’m very smart. I’m very accepting to challenges. Another one of my better traits is that I’m a very good listener. I can influence new views on issues and provide help to a better outcome when the issue is good or even bad. I just put myself is their position and think â€Å"what would Melissa do? †